![]() ![]() Adoption of COVID certificates across OECD countries Note: Blue bars show the number of OECD countries which implemented a COVID certificate. on average across these 17 countries.įigure 1. This acceleration coincided with a substantial increase in vaccine uptake: between the week prior to the implementation of the COVID certificate and a month after, vaccination rates increased by 8 p.p. There has been an acceleration during the summer as 17 countries introduced COVID certificates, especially among EU countries where the implementation of domestic COVID certificates had been facilitated by the launch of the EU Digital COVID certificate on 1 July 2021. In a growing number of countries (including France, Greece, Lithuania or the Czech Republic) the validity of vaccination certificates will be reduced to 7-9 months after the primary vaccination with a booster shot required for renewal.Įarly adopters include Israel 2, Denmark 3 and Austria 4. The stricter “2G+” criteria which requires both a proof of immunity and a negative test is applied for restaurants in Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland. More flexible “3G” certificates applied in Denmark, Estonia and Finland among others are also valid for individuals with a recent negative test. For example, “2G” regimes 1, which require immunity (through vaccination or recovery) are applied in contact-intensive services in Austria, in Italian public transport and will soon be implemented in France. Australia, Canada), whereas a large number of countries including France, Indonesia, Lithuania require COVID certificates to access most public facilities barring essential shops.ĬOVID certificates also differ regarding their validity criterion. in Germany by the time of their introduction) or vary by region or occupation (e.g. For instance, mandates can be required only in high-incidence areas (e.g. The main features of COVID certificates vary across countries, not least in terms of scope and coverage. The adoption of COVID certificates has been swift across OECD countries, as 28 countries were requiring certificates from their citizens by the end of 2021 (Figure 1). Early and casual observations suggest that it has had a significant impact, but a rigorous assessment is needed to address the question. In this context, one question that arises is how effective are COVID certificates in raising vaccination rates. Arguments for and against supporting their adoption have focused on its contribution to reduce transmission and severe forms of disease as well as on ethical concerns (Phelan, 2020 Sleat, Innes and Parker, 2021). COVID certificates, certifying vaccination status or a negative test, have been under consideration in many countries and mandated in some as a condition for population to access certain social and professional gatherings. Many OECD countries are in the grip of a new surge of COVID infections, hospitalisations, and deaths despite no shortage in supply of highly effective vaccines, especially in protecting against severe forms of the disease (Milman et al., 2021). By Nicolas Woloszko, OECD Economics Department.
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